First let's clarify the difference between shallow and deep clone:

A shallow clone is a clone that has its primitive properties cloned but his REFERENCE properties still reference the original.

Allow me to clarify:

let original = {

  foo: "brlja",

  howBigIsUniverse: Infinity,

  mrMethodLookAtMe: () => "they call me mr. Method",

  moo: {

   moo: "MOO"

  }

};



  // shallow copy

  let shallow = Object.assign({}, original);

  console.log(original, shallow); // looks OK



  shallow.moo.moo = "NOT MOO";



  console.log(original, shallow); // changing the copy changed the original

Notice how changing the shallow copy's not primitive property's inner properties REFLECTED on the original object.

So why would we use shallow copy?

• It is definitely FASTER.


• It can be done in pure JS via 1 liner.

When would you use shallow copy?

• All of your object's properties are primitives


• You are making a partial copy where all your copied properties are primitives


• You don't care about the fate of the original (is there a reason to copy and not use that one instead?)

Oke, let's get into making a propper (deep) copy. A deep copy should obviously have the original object coped into the clone by value, not references. And this should persist as we drill deeper into the object. So if we got X levels deep nested object inside of the original's property it should still be a copy not a reference to the same thing in memory.

What most people suggest is to abuse the JSON API. They think that turning an object into a string then back into an object via it will make a deep copy. Well, yes and NO. Let's attempt to do just that.

Extend our original example with:

  let falseDeep = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(original));

  falseDeep.moo.moo = "HEY I CAN MOO AGAIN";

  console.log(original, falseDeep); // moo.moo is decoupled

Seems ok, right? WRONG!
Take a look at what happened to the mrMethodLookAtMe and howBigIsUniverse properties that I sneaked in from the start :)

One gives back null which is definitely not Infinity and the other one is GONE. Well, that is no bueno.

In short: There are problems with "smarter" values like NaN or Infinity that get turned to null by JSON API. There are FURTHER problems if you use:
methods, RegExps, Maps, Sets, Blobs, FileLists, ImageDatas, sparse Arrays, Typed Arrays as your original object's properties.

Why? Well this produces some of the nastiest to track bugs out there.. I have nightmares tracking the disappearing methods or type being turned to another (which passed someone's bad input parameter check but then couldn't produce a valid result) before Typescript became a thing.

Time to wrap this up! So what is the correct answer?

• You write your own implementation of a deep copy. I like you but please don't do this when we have a deadline to meet.


• Use a deep cloning function provided to you by the library or framework you already use in the project.


• Lodash's cloneDeep

Many people still use jQuery. So in our example (please put import where it belongs, on top of the file):

import jQ from "jquery"; 

let trueDeep = jQ.extend(true, original, {});

console.log(original, trueDeep);

This works, it makes a nice deep copy and is a one-liner. But we had to import the entire jQuery. Which is fine if it is already being used in project, but I tend to avoid it since it is over-bloated and has terribly inconsistent naming.

Similarly, AngularJS users can use angular.copy().

But what if my framework/library does not have a similar function?

You can use my personal SUPERSTAR among JS libraries (I am not involved in the project, just a big fan) - Lodash (or _ for friends).

So extend our example with (again, mind the position of import):

import _ from "lodash"; // cool kids know _ is low-dash

var fastAndDeepCopy = _.cloneDeep(objects);

console.log(original, lodashDeep);

It is a simple oneliner, it works, it is fast.

This is pretty much it :)

Now you know the difference between shallow and deep copy in JS. You realize JSON API abuse is just that, abuse and not a true solution. If you are using jQuery or AngularJS already you now know there is a solution already there for you. If not you can write your own or consider using lodash.

The entire example can be found here:
codesandbox - entire example